Universal Advancement in Science in the 20^th Century

20^th century technology developed rapidly. The communication and transportation technology, broad teaching, implementation of scientific method and increased research are spending all contributions to the advancement of modern science and technology.

Pierre Duhem

• Hydrodynamics – the study of liquid in motion specifically it looks at the ways different effect the movements of liquids
• Thermodynamics – physics with the relationship and conversion between heat and other forms of energy.

Rudolf Carnap

• Logic
• Analysis
• Theory of probability - is the branch of mathematics concerned with analysis of random phenomena.Methods of probability theory also apply to descriptions of complex systems given only partial knowledge of their state, as in statistical mechanics. A great discovery of twentieth century physics was the probabilistic nature of physical phenomena at atomic scales, described in quantum mechanics.

Karl Popper

• Falsifiability – is the logical possibility than an assertion could be show false for the particular observation or physical experiment.
• Scientific method

Thomas Kuhn

• Paradigm shifts – “revolutionary science” is the term used by influential book “the structure of Scientific Revolution” to describe a change in basic assumption within the ruling theory of science.

Werner Heisenburg

• Quantum mechanics – a set of scientific principles describing the known behavior of energy and matter that predominate at the atomic and subatomic scales.

1900

Zeppeline – Thomas Suillvan

Neon light – George Cloude

E = mc² – Albert Einstein

Radio

1910

Crossword – Wyne

Gas mask – Morgan

1920

Robot – artificial life

Penicillin – Alexander Fleming

1930

Stop – action photograph – Edgerton

1940

Jeep – Karl Pabst

Microwave – Spencer

1950

Video type recorder – Charles Ginsburge

Television – John Logie Baired

1960

Audio cassette

Space war – 1^st computer video game

1970

Floppy disk – shugart

Microprocessor – Federico Faggin

1980

Mobile phones – Dr. Martin Looper

Computer – Charles Babbage

Windows – programmed invented by Microsoft

Disposable camera – Fugi

1990

wide web

Java – computer language

Progress in Astronomy

The 20^th century has been a remarkable period for astronomers with no signs that they have stopped making fascinating new discoveries or that they have yet solved the entire universe many puzzles.

Astronomers

• Henry Norris Russell – showed that all stars are going through a life cycle of birth, maturity and old age.
• Harlow Shapley – used variable stars as a yardstick to give the first good estimate of the enormous size of our own galaxy (the milky way).
• Edwin Powell Hubble – showed some nebulas, fain and cloudy spots visible through telescopes are actually extremely distant “island universe”.
• Abbe Georges Lemaitre – has theorized that the Big Bang theory is the origin of the universe.
• Hans Bethe – proposed the existence of a series of nuclear reactions that takes place in the sun and in many other stars.

Radio Astronomy – new field of science opened up by Karl Iansky and Grote Reber.

Radio signals – received from distant stars and galaxies and from mysterious objects called QUASARS.

Radio waves – a type of electromagnetic radiation with wave lengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light.

Spectroscope – first revealed the nature of gases existing in the sun.

Spectroheliograph – able to photograph the entire visible surface of the sun together with modern prominences at one time. Photography with a modern rapid plates gives us with a given telescope pictures of objects so faint that no visual telescopes of the same size will reveal them.

Albert Einstein – announced his theory that mass and energy are equivalent and the idea of nuclear power was introduced. It is known that the sun produces energy by nuclear fusion.