Science in the 19^th Century

• Appears to be a golden age
• Science expanded successfully into new fields of inquiry, including combinations of mathematics and experiments in physics, the application of theory to experiment in chemistry and controlled experimentations in biology. This was greatly aided by the establishment of the new and reformed universities in which research was fostered, as well as teaching, and the communication through specialist journal and society.

Science and Technology in the mid – 19^th Century

• The last half of the 19^th century was a period which experienced rapid progress in science and technology. There were important breakthroughs: iron and steel technology, electricity, weapons, physics, sociology, psychology and biology.
• Dalton – he is an English school master. And according to him Atoms were the smallest indestructible parts of matter.
• Mendeleyev – Table of Elements
• Radium – discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie on the 26^th of December. T is easily separated and the existence of the second element are demonstrated by its radioactive property
• Psychology – Sigmund Freud look for explanations for individual human behavior beyond the natural level.
• Biology – Charles Darwin in his Theory of Evolution (is the change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations).

Differences in Style of Research

There were still striking differences among leading nations regarding the circumstances and styles of research. In Britain, there was a marked absence of institution providing jobs for researchers. In Germany, the natural sciences shared in the rise in size and prestige of the university system.

Progress in Physics

• Henry Hans Oersted (1819) – electric current produces a magnetic field.
• Michael Faraday (1831) – reverse effect
• Joseph Henry – built the first powerful electromagnets and invented the electric motors.
• James Prescott Joule – first law of thermodynamics
• Wilhelm Roentgen – x ray
• Marie Curie – gave the name “radioactivity”. She and her husband Pierre Curie went on to discover Polonium and Radium.

Progress in Chemistry

• Fredrich Wohler – prepared urea in a test tube from inorganic starting materials.
• Baron Justus Von Liebig – chemical fertilizers
• Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunson – spectrograph
• Dmitri Mendeleyev (1869) – periodic table

Progress in Astronomy

• Sir William Herschel (1781) – Uranus did not precisely move in its expected orbit.
• Urbair J.J. Leverrier – Neptune

Progress in Biology

• Karl Ernst Von Baer – embryology
• Charles Darwin (1859) – origin of the species(considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology and introduced the scientific theory that populations evolved over the course of generations through a process of natural selection).
• Gregor Mendel (1866) – the pattern of inheritance of characteristics from one generation of sweet peas to another.

Progress in Medicine

• William Morton, Charles Jackson, Crowfor Lon, Sir James Simpson – anesthetic
• Louis Pasteur – methods of immunizing people.
• Joseph Lister – antiseptic
• Walter Reed – yellow fever is caused by a virus by a mosquito