LANGUAGE

Ø Is an abstract system of word meaning and symbols of all aspects of culture. It includes speech, written character, numeral symbols, gestures and expression s of non-verbal communication.

There are some terms that do not have meaning and falls into two classes.

1. grammatical term
2. abstract term

All language begins as ordinary language under the process of immediate necessity of communication but not in all cases like:

• customary usage as how it spend
• grammatical terms
• dedension of case speed fall down

Ordinary Language Analysis

Ø Is the argument that any language which is adequate stands as the transmitter of nuisances as differences and style of meaning on which everyday conversation must be fluid.

CLASSIFICATION

Ø The distinction, identification and organization of two or more items, information and facts according to their similarities which are determined through comparison.

Ø It gives a closer view on the link between the objects being compared.

Definition according to Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz:

Ø It is the differentiation of two or more objects which is not exactly a like: essential dissimilarity. Two objects are not “ever exactly alike”. Infact no two things are “ever exactly alike”.

Plato’s theories of Universals

1. Universalia in re (universal in things) – everything is a combination of form and matter.
2. Universalia anti rem (universal before things) – the link between the members of the class is that they are all imitations of an archetype which existed before the world was made.
3. Universalia post rem (universal after the things) – nothing general exist, only particular.

Four Different Types of similarities

1. Genetic similarity – having similar origins.

2.Structural similarity – having the same constituent parts.

3.Functional similarity – having similar behavior.

4.Apparent similarity – having similar external features

DEFINITION

Ø A definition maybe statement of him essential properties of a certain thin or a statement of equivalence between one expression that gives meaning of the first.

Definiendum – the thing that is being defined.

Definiens – the expression which defines the things.

Types of Definition

1. Lexical Definition – a dictionary definition that reports the meaning of the word as it is normally used.
2. Intensional Definition – a general term, the other set of features which are shared by everything to which it applies.
3. Extension Definition – the collection of individual things to which is correctly applied.
4. Contextual Definition – some words cannot be clearly defined on their own, but it is possible to offer schema for defining every sentence which they occur.
5. Stipulative Definition – His specification of a meaning adopted or assumed specifically for the purpose of argument or discussion in given context.
6. Ostensive Definition – gives the meaning of a term by pointing out the thing denoted by it, or pointing out of examples of the kind of the thing meant on by it.
7. Précising Definition – extend the dictionary definition for specific purposes.
8. Operational Definition – quantity is a specific process whereby it is measured.

AXIOMS and THEOREMS

Axioms – is a proposition that is not proved or demonstrated but consider self-evident or subject to necessary decision.

Theorem – a statement which has been proven or has been established in validity.

Historical Background

The early Greeks developed the LOGICO-DEDUCTIVE METHOD whereby conclusions (new knowledge) follow from premises (old knowledge)

COMMON NOTIONS by Euclid (very basic, self evident assertion)

1. Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another.
2. If equals be added to equals, the wholes are equals
3. If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
4. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
5. The whole is greater than part.

Axiomatic System – is any set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in conjunction to logically derived theorems.

Properties of Axiomatic System

1. Consistent – if it lacks of contradiction.
2. Complete – if for every statement, either itself of its negation or contradiction is derivable.
3. Independent – if it is not a theorem that can be derived from other axioms in the system.

FUNCTIONS OF PHILOSOPHY

1. To construct theories about man and universe.

2. To examine very carefully everything that maybe offered for a belief and its theories.

ANALYSIS

• From Greek word “analusis” which means “to breakdown”.
• It is the process of breaking down the topic to gain a better understanding.

Three Main Ways in Forming Analysis

1. Explication (Carnap) – construction of symbolic language.
2. Redefinition (Moore) – replacing term for a clear understanding.
3. Illustration (Wittgenstein) – takes the opposite point of view by just keeping close to multiplying use of term to another.

KNOWLEDGE

Ø Is the defined expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education.

Ø Acquisition involves complex cognitive process.

Four Matter of Fact is interrelated with Four Branches of Philosophy

• That something exist------------------------Ontology (theory of being)
• That something can be known---------------Epistemology ( theory of knowledge)
• That there is something which-------------Axiology ( theory of value )

Is matter

• That something including the--------------Logic ( theory of inference)

Foregoing statement

Other source of Knowledge

• Customs and Traditions
• Sense Perception
• Intuition

PERCEPTION

Ø is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of the sensory

Ø Receiving, collecting, action of taking possession, apprehension with the mid or senses.

Bracketing (Edmund Husserl) – forgetting for a time being, all that has learned in order to take an unprejudiced look at what is presented.

THOUGHT

Ø Is a Mental process which allows beings to be conscious, make decisions, imagine and, in general, operate on symbols in a rational or irrational manner. It is an element/instance of thinking and is used as its synonym.

Concept – it serves as the representation, mental image of an object

Titchener – he used to report what came into his mind when he was using certain ideas.

Hume – he used introspecting to discover what the self look like.

Ryle – used ask the questioned about the concept.

Heraclitus – he recognized the perception is more or less arbitrarily curved out of the continuous staff.

Similarities between Philosophy and Science

Ø Philosophy – seeks for the truth without knowing its application.

Ø Science – also seeks for the truth with the purpose of using or applying it.

The differ lies on the scope, nature and approach

Ø Scope

Philosophy – interested in personality, value and all realms of human experiences.

Science – eliminates the personal factor and ignore values in its drive for objectively.

Ø Nature

Philosophy – criticize, evaluate, and integrate various dimensions of life.

Science – aim to observe nature and to control process.

Ø Approach

Philosophy – attempt to do it a a whole or comprehensively.

Science – described their bject of study part by part.

MAJOR CATEGORIES OF PHILOSOPHY

1. Theoretical philosophy

1. Metaphysics – deal with questions of reality: its nature, meaning, and existence. From the Greek word “meta” which means “beyond” and “psykon” which means ”nature”.
2. Ontology – branch of metaphysics that studies the nature of exisence of things and the status of reality.
3. Cosmology – branch of philosophy that deals with the origin and develoment of the universe with its parts, elements, laws, especially, its characteristics with regards to space, time, casuality, and freedom. From Greek word “kosmos”which mean ”world of universe”and ”logos”meaning ”study of”.
4. Theodicy – deals with the nature, being and goodness of God.
5. Psychology – science of human behavior. From Greek words “spyche” meaning ”soul”, ”mind”, “spirit”and ”logos”which means ”study of”.
6. Epistemology – deals with the study of origin, structures, methods, nature, limits, and veracity (truth, reliability, validity) of human knowledge. From Greek word “episteme” meaning ”knowledge” and ”logos” which means ”study of”.

2. Practical philosophy – directs its concern from to the things which are material or perceptible and useful. Its goal is not just finding the truth but acting on it.

1. Semantics – deals with the study of linguistic development by classifying and examining changes in meaning.
2. Logic – branch of philosophy which deals with nature of thinking and reasoning using emirical support.
3. Ethics – practical science of morality of human conduct.
4. Anxiology – study of values.
5. Aesthitics – deals with the study that pertains to the sense of beautiful and is characterized by a love of beauty.

Philosophy

Philosophy

-is form from experience.It is also the science of theory and knowledge.It undergoes a system or a process.It comes from the Greek word "philosophia" which means "love of wisdom".

According to Aristotle:

-philosophy is a thinking which aims at the maximum, connected to the truth about all available experiences.

According to Brittle:

-philosophy is a science of being in their ultimate reasons, causes,and principles acquired by the numerous reason alone.

Philosophy's ultimate goal is to seek for the truth.

View of Philosophy Which is Supplementary to Each Other according to Smith and Tiler:

• A personal attitude toward life and the universe.
• A method of reflective thinking and reasons inquiry.
• Attempts to gain a view of the whole.
• A logical analysis of language and the classification of meaning of the words and concept.
• A group of problems as well as theories and the solutions of these problems.